In addition to the courts mentioned above, there are at least two secret federal courts. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (sometimes referred to as FISC or the FISA court), with eleven judges, has limited jurisdiction “to hear applications for and grant orders approving electronic surveillance anywhere within the United States under the procedures set forth in” the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), Pub. L. No. 95-511 [50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq.], which authorizes electronic surveillance by government agents for the purpose of obtaining “foreign intelligence” information. (See an interview with the former chief judge of the court, published in June 2002.) A related court of review, composed of three judges, has jurisdiction “to review the denial of any application made under” that act. If that court upholds a denial of an application, the government may petition the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. All proceedings at all three judicial levels are secret. See 50 U.S.C. § 1803. (The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, Pub. L. No. 103-359, additionally authorized physical searches; and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, signifcantly amended FISA to expand the government’s intelligence-gathering power. See an overview of the 2001 act by the Congressional Research Service. See also an analysis of the 2001 act by the Electronic Frontier Foundation.)